State-Backed Telecom Oligopoly
Saudi Arabia's telecom market is dominated by three carriers — STC, Mobily, and Zain — with significant government ownership stakes. STC alone is partially owned through the Public Investment Fund. This concentrated market structure limits price competition for international voice termination, keeping call rates elevated.
- [1]IstiZada – Middle East VoIP ChallengesSupports government ownership claim for STC